SAMPLE DEMOGRAPHICS AND AGRICULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS | 23 MOZAMBIQUE SAMPLE ¦f the three samples in the Smallholder ‰iaries, the one in –o—ambiue includes the most vulnerable population, where respondents identified a clear “hunger season” between late ‰ecember and –arch­ €n the field site of ªapale district in northern –o—ambiue, the Smallholder ‰iaries sample included žŸ households across three villages, with an average family si—e of six members (see Œable Ÿ)­ Œhe household head had an average of five years of schooling and …• percent of households were female-headed­ Œhe median value of all physical assets owned ‘’ was ©S±““’ (see igure Ÿ)­ Œhe main receptacles of physical asset wealth were vehicles, such as motorbies, and land (see ˆnnex …)­ †rop production was notably diverse among the –o—ambiue sample, but the use of agricultural inputs was limited­ Sample households grew mai—e, cas- sava, peanuts, beans, rice, and a range of vegetables, and they consumed a sig- nificant proportion of their production at home­ ƒivestoc holdings were mostly limited to poultry, and occasionally goats and pigs­ Some families channeled water from the river to their plots via informal irrigation schemes, but most depended entirely on rainfall­ Households in the –o—ambiue ‰iaries tended to exhibit some matriarchal tendencies, reflecting traits of the –aua culture, the largest ethnic group in –o—ambiue­ ˜otably, women can inherit land, and women and men often come to a marriage each with their own plots­ €n many cases, each is responsible for farming their own small area­ €n most households in the –o—ambiue sam- ple, the male household head made most decisions regarding agriculture and his wife followed his lead­ ™omen generally cultivated food crops and men cash crops (though these were very limited in the sample)­ €n addition to any agricul- tural activities, women were solely responsible for cooing, obtaining and pre- paring food, and raising the children­ ™omen also organi—ed funerals and other cultural events in the community, and the few respondents that participated in accumulating savings and credit associations (ˆS†ˆs) were women­ Some men in the sample did not disclose their entire income to their wives, in some cases due to polygamous marriages or other relationships­ TANZANIA SAMPLE Œhe Smallholder ‰iaries sample in –beya, Œan—ania, was comprised of ¡¢ households, with an average family si—e of five members­ ™omen headed about a third of sample households (‘ž percent) and levels of education were modest ‘“ percent of household heads had no formal schooling and ¢ž percent had only completed up to primary school­ Œhe median asset portfolio of house- holds in the sample reached ©S±…,…Ÿž, and emphasi—ed the primary residence and farmland, with notable holdings of other property and livestoc (see ig- ure Ÿ and ˆnnex …)­ Œhe sample in Œan—ania was located in two villages, each in a different dis- trict ¦ne-third of families came from the ªu„ewa district, where rice is the main cash crop, and two-thirds were drawn from the –beya ªural district, where potato is the dominant cash crop­ Œhe village in ªu„ewa district sits at a lower elevation and has access to irrigation, unlie the village in –beya ªural