70 | SMALLHOLDER DIARIES CASE 5 WORKING WITH A MODERATE FINANCIAL PORTFOLIO AND STRUGGLING TO MAKE AGRICULTURAL INVESTMENTS: THE BITUNGWAS (TANZANIA) ™illiam and ˆnitha £itungwa, participants in the ™illiam also borrowed from family and friends and Smallholder ‰iaries sample in Œan—ania, were married saved with an ˆS†ˆ­ Œhough he had borrowed from and lived with three children, one adopted and two of five informal savings groups, the £itungwas did not ˆnitha’s from before their marriage­ Œhey owned more lie them and felt that the groups did not benefit them­ than two hectares of land and relied primarily on their Œhey both believed that when they had a loan they income from growing potatoes, wheat, mai—e, beans, must wor harder, but only because they wanted to and peas and selling mil­ Œhey planted potatoes twice repay the loans to the groups, not for some greater a year and, because of a suitable climate, considered benefit to their household­ €t was social pressure that them “easy to care for” and good for generating “uic led ™illiam to „oin the groups nonetheless­ ƒocal inter- income­” Œhey grew wheat once a year and harvested est groups wanted everyone in the village to be part of in ˆpril for extra income­ Œhe £itungwas earned addi- these savings groups, and ™illiam was forced to „oin tional income from selling rat poison and received one operating under the political party of which he is a resources from family and friends outside the house- member­ hold­ ™illiam also wored as a researcher with a local ˆgricultural production was their main source of university­ income, and ™illiam and ˆnitha “tae it seriously,” ™illiam and ˆnitha used a number of financial which was evident from the amount they spent on mechanisms­ Œhey both ept money aside at home as a inputs for potatoes and wheat, what they considered form of savings and too informal credit from shops­ their cash crops (see igure Ÿ¢)­ Œhe £itungwas used FIGURE 36: Agricultural expenses (labor, seeds, fertilizer) compared to restaurant, food, and grocery expenses: The Bitungwas (TANZANIA) JULY 2014–JUNE 2015 (US$) $160 $140 $120 $100 US$$80 $60 $40 $20 $0 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb MarApr May Jun Agricultural expenses Food from restaurants, take aways, delivery, street food Groceries/food to be eaten at home (including baby food)