2 | SMALLHOLDER DIARIES Income sources and the role of in-kind consumption Smallholder Diaries families had numerous sources of cash income, which tended to fall into three categories: (i) agricultural production, (ii) casual labor (often related to agriculture), and (iii) other off-farm, nonagricultural sources such as managing a small business, receiving remittances, or engaging in regular or waged employment­ ˆt the median, households had a total of eight income sources in –o—ambiue, …… in Œan—ania, and nine in aistan (see igure ‘ œS-…)­ –uch of their casual labor was on neighboring farms, and thus still lined to agriculture­ €n the Œan—ania sample, more than half of the income sources classified as casual labor was related to agriculture­ Families in the Smallholder Diaries also earned the majority of their house- hold net cash income from their numerous nonagricultural production acti- ities ˆmong the sample families, the median proportion of household cash income from nonagricultural production sources was žŸ percent in –o—am- biue, •“ percent in Œan—ania, and ”¡ percent in aistan (see igure œS-…)­ FIGURE ES-1: Smallholder Diaries: Household income from agricultural and nonagricultural production JUNE 2014–JULY 2015 Pakistan Income sources 4 5 Proportion of 42% 58% income Income sources 5 5 w/in-kind Proportion of income 53% 47% w/in-kind Tanzania Income sources 2 9 Proportion of 26% 74% income Income sources 3 9 w/in-kind Proportion of income 46% 54% w/in-kind Mozambique Income sources 2 6 Proportion of 7% 93% income Income sources 6 6 w/in-kind Proportion of income 49% 51% w/in-kind Agricultural production income Nonagricultural production income (1) Median number of household income sources (2) Median proportion of total household net cash income (3) Median number of household income sources, factoring in in-kind consumption (4) Median proportion of total household income factoring in in-kind consumption Note: Each crop or livestock byproduct (e.g., milk, eggs) that was sold at least once in the Smallholder Diaries is considered a distinct source of agricultural production income. When tracking in-kind consumption, the Smallholder Diaries recorded only activities or transactions related to crops, not livestock byproducts.