EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | 5 or the sample in aistan, month-to-month net income from agricultural pro- duction was highly volatile (“”¡ percent relative to average income)­ €t swung from lows well below —ero, when there were ma„or expenditures on inputs, to significant highs, when they sold their output immediately after harvest­ €n the –o—ambiue sample, given the low level of crop sales and high reliance on other sources of cash income, families experienced less severe fluctuations in overall income­ †‡penses were smoother than income, but still fluctuated to some e‡tent with income in all three samples €n –o—ambiue and Œan—ania, sample households tended to spend money as it came in, with expenses more closely tied to cash income (i­e­, a “spend-as-you-go” expenditure pattern) (see igures œS-“ and œS-”)­ Œhe aistan sample experienced the largest swings in income, FIGURE ES-4: Mozambique Smallholder Diaries: Net income and household expenditures all sample level, JULY 2014–JUNE 2015 (US$)a $4,500 $4,000 $3,500 $3,000 Hardship months/ hunger season $2,500 $2,000 $1,500 $1,000 $500 $0 Jul Aug Sep OctNov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Household expenditures Net-income a. The green income line refers to net income. For agricultural production, and small businesses in particular, income refers to revenue less related expenditures. The red expenses line refers to operational expenses of the household separate from income or financial transactions (e.g., spending on groceries, clothes, education, transportation). FIGURE ES-5: Tanzania Smallholder Diaries, rice production village: Net income and household expenditures all sample level, JULY 2014–MAY 2015 (US$)a $3,500 $3,000 $2,500 $2,000 $1,500 Hardship months $1,000 $500 $0 Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Household expenditures Net income a. The green income line refers to net income. For agricultural production, and small businesses in particular, income refers to revenue less related expenditures. The red expenses line refers to operational expenses of the household separate from income or financial transactions (e.g., spending on groceries, clothes, education, transportation).